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Science & Technology in the Muslim world

Science and technology are a ways to learn about both one mostly Pakistani educated people learning technology field or science
 
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Easier said than done, but is there any option available to us if we want to keep pace with the world?


Wake up or be forgotten

Home / Today's Paper / Opinion / Wake up or be forgotten
By Atta-ur-Rahman
February 08, 2017

The plight of science and technology in Pakistan was recently highlighted by Federal Minister for Science and Technology Rana Tanveer Hussain during a meeting of Senate Standing Committee on Science and Technology in Islamabad on February 1 under the chairmanship of Osman Saifullah Khan.

After carefully examining the funds allocated by the government to promote science in Pakistan, the chairperson of the committee, Osman Saifullah, issued a wake-up call to Pakistan, saying that expenditures on a kilometre of the metro road are more than the whole national budget of the Ministry of Science and Technology of Pakistan. This is an alarming situation in a country which professes to be a nuclear state. A similar situation is largely true for education where the combined budget of all our public sector universities is just one-third of the budget of a good university in South Asia, such as the National University of Singapore.

In sharp contrast, the tiny state of Singapore – with no natural resources and a population that is of one-fourth of Karachi – announced last year that it will spend $13.2 billion on R&D from 2016 to 2020 under its Research Innovation Enterprise 2020 Plan, which represents an 18 percent increase over the previous five-year cycle. “The impact of RIE 2020 overall will be very positive,” commented Tan Chorh Chuan, president of the National University of Singapore and deputy chairperson of the government-backed Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR). “This is an assurance of sustained support for research in Singapore.”

The major share of spending – 21 percent of the budget – will go to health and biomedical sciences. The budget represents a boost for one of Singapore’s best-known science initiatives: A*STAR’s Biopolis research complex.

The two contrasting policies on science are reflected in the corresponding states of economic development of Pakistan and Singapore. Pakistan has within declining exports over the last few years, now amounting to only $22 billion. However, Singapore – which has a population that is about 2.5 percent of Pakistan’s populace – has exports which amount to approximately $380 billion, some 20 folds higher. These figures highlight the fact that in this day and age what matters is the state of education, science, technology and innovation and not the size or population of a country. Nations are not built just by investing in roads and bridges. It is investments in our real wealth – our human resources – that are the most important and, yet, mostly neglected in Pakistan.

Another country that we can learn from is Malaysia. Malaysia decided 30 years ago to allocate about 25 percent of its total national budget annually on education. The astonishing result is that today about 86.5 percent of the total high-tech exports of the Islamic world come from Malaysia alone. The remaining 56 countries including Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and others collectively contribute only 13.5 percent of high-tech exports of the Islamic world.

The Republic of Korea represents another success story for us to learn from. Its economy has grown at an average of above 10 percent over the last 30 years. This is primarily because of the vision of General Park who gave the highest national priority to education and science. It is today the world’s largest spender on scientific research and development as a percentage of its GDP. In 1960, only about five percent of the youth in Korea between ages of 17 and 23 were enrolled in higher education institutions – which amounts about the same as the number of youth who were enrolled in higher education in Pakistan in 2000 – and Korean exports amounted to only $30 billion annually at that time.

By 2016, the percentage of Korean youth between the ages of 25 and 34 who have graduate degrees jumped to almost 70 percent, the highest in the world. The result was a corresponding, steep rise in its exports of high-value products and services which have risen to $548 billion.

Pakistan’s problem is a lack of understanding among successive governments that the production and exports of natural resources is now of little consequence. The global trends in manufacturing and exports over the last four decades have a sharp rise in high and medium technology goods and a sharp, consistent decline in low-technology goods and in natural resources. Countries that have realised this have invested in knowledge-based economies, leading to the manufacture and exports of high-tech products, such as engineering goods, biotech products, computers, softwares, automobiles, aircrafts, defence equipment electronics, pharmaceuticals, alternative energy products and many other such items.

About 60 percent of Pakistan’s exports are confined to low-value textiles which contribute little to our national exchequer. In order to change gears and move into the high-tech area, we need to have a visionary government that understands the key role that knowledge plays in today’s world. Pakistan is lacking in a highly specialised skills and world-class research centres.

We have less than 10,000 PhDs in our universities. With an enrolment of about 1.5 million, and a desirable PhD to student ratio of 1:20, we need to have another 60,000 PhDs to uplift our faculty. Our expenditure on education as a percentage of our GDP is one of the lowest in the world, ranking us among the bottom 10 nations.

We need to launch a national emergency with the focus on transitioning towards a knowledge-based economy. A 320-page document, entitled ‘Technology-based industrial vision and strategy for Pakistan’s socio-economic development’ – the blueprint of what this nation must do in the short, medium and long term – was prepared under my supervision after considerable effort. It was approved by the cabinet in August 2007 and has been gathering dust in the government archives since then.

Our government must drastically revise its national policies and focus largely on education, science, technology, innovation and entrepreneurship – as Korea and Singapore did. For this, Pakistan needs to have a technocrat government so that the feudal stranglehold that is presently suffocating our economy can be released and we can launch ourselves with dignity into the 21st century.

Artificial intelligence will control industrial production and fight our wars in the future. Stem cells and tissue engineering are changing the face of medicine. More powerful batteries are bringing in a revolution in electric cars and, within a decade, petrol-based cars may become history. The blind can now see through images transferred to their brain through the nervous system in the tongue.

Anti-aging compounds have been developed that not only slow down the aging process, but reverse it. Objects can be made invisible by cloaking them with metamaterials. Exciting advances in renewable energy promise to eliminate fossil fuels as the main source of energy on our planet. These and other such advances are rapidly changing the face of the globe, propelling several countries on the path of social and economic development and leaving others behind. We must either wake up or forever be relegated to the dustbin of history.


The writer is chairman of UN ESCAP Committee on Science Technology &
Innovation and former chairman of the HEC. Email: ibne_sina@hotmail.com
https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/184686-Wake-up-or-be-forgotten
 
Does the Muslim world need a scientific renaissance?

Remembering the Arab world's era of scientific achievement, Jim al-Khalili asks if Islamic science can flourish again.


c37f349ccd294cf0aebc99da8606c00d_18.jpg

The Islamic world established the Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom), a renowned centre of learning [Getty]


There are more than a billion Muslims in the world today. The economies of Muslim countries - like Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Malaysia and Pakistan - have been growing steadily for a number of years.

And yet, when compared to the West, the Islamic world often seems disengaged from modern science.

Why is this?

One of the reasons is that many Muslims still see science as a secular, even atheist, Western construct.

But we shouldn't be too hasty in singling out Muslims for criticism. Even in the so-called 'enlightened' developed world, an alarmingly large fraction of the populace regards science with suspicion, and even fear.

The plain truth, however, is that science is playing an increasingly important role in our lives – in technology, medical advances and addressing global problems, such as climate change and water, food and energy supplies.

Of course, there was once a time when Islam and science were not at odds. But many Muslims have forgotten the wonderful contributions made by their ancestors.

Could reminding them help inspire the change we need in our time and allow science to flourish once again in the Muslim world?

One example of hope can be found in the Jordanian desert. SESAME will be the Middle East's first major international research centre. Standing for 'Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East', it is a cooperative venture by scientists and governments across the region.

Synchrotron radiation is a form of high energy light emitted by electrically charged subatomic particles when they are accelerated in a magnetic field. A number of synchrotron facilities have been built around the world and are being used for cutting edge research.

When, in 1997, Germany decided to decommission its synchrotron research facility, BESSY, it agreed to donate its components to the SESAME project, which was quickly developed under the auspices of UNESCO. It is now under construction.

The research to be carried out there will include material science, molecular biology, nanotechnology, x-ray imaging, archaeological analysis and clinical medical applications.

Its current membership, along with the hosts, Jordan, includes the Palestinian Authority, Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Bahrain and Cyprus, and this group is likely to expand as several other countries join.

The result is a degree of scientific collaboration that has not been seen in this part of the world for a millennium.

Forgotten achievements

One thousand years ago, the Islamic empire witnessed one of the greatest periods of sustained scientific advancement in history. In the medieval world’s great centres of learning - places like Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba and Samarkand - discoveries were made, ideas nurtured and methods developed.

In Baghdad, for example, we find the very first book on algebra. Called Kitab al-Jabr (from which we derive the word 'algebra'), it was written by the 9th century Persian mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, and signified a significant paradigm shift from the work of the Ancient Greeks.

Also in the 9th century, the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun created a new academy in Baghdad, called the House of Wisdom, and built observatories there and in Damascus. He sponsored science projects that made vast improvements in the fields of astronomy and geography, and which the Muslim, Christian and Jewish scholars of the Baghdad academy had translated into Arabic.

Advances in medicine and anatomy also saw Arabic texts replace the works of Galen and Hippocrates in the libraries of medieval Europe. While the philosophers Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd influenced later European scholars, such as Roger Bacon and St Thomas Aquinas.

The Cordoban physician Al-Zahrawi invented more than 200 surgical instruments - many of which, like forceps and the surgical syringe, are still in use today.

Then there was the birth of industrial chemistry, with sophisticated scientific methods replacing the haphazard practice of alchemy, and advances in fields such as optics that would not be matched until Newton.

For a period spanning more than half a millennium, the international language of science was Arabic. And yet, all of these great achievements have been largely forgotten.

So, could a scientific renaissance be rekindled in the Islamic world?

Clearly, bigger budgets are not by themselves a panacea. Of course scientific research requires adequate financial resources, but to compete on the world stage needs more than just the latest, shiniest equipment.

The whole infrastructure of the research environment needs to be addressed - from laboratory technicians who understand how to use and maintain their equipment to the exercise of real intellectual freedom and a healthy degree of scepticism and courage in order to question experimental results. Such sentiments were found in abundance in Baghdad's House of Wisdom.

A fresh cultural and philosophical attitude must grow and spread if wider Muslim society is to embrace not only the bricks and mortar of modern research labs, along with the shiny particle accelerators and electron microscopes they house, but the spirit of curiosity that drives human beings to study nature, whether to marvel at divine creation or simply to understand how and why things are the way they are.

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes...d-scientific-renaissance-151020111746117.html

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Optics: The True Nature of Light

Physicist Jim al-Khalili reveals how Islamic thinkers played a crucial role in explaining light and optics.


Playing a vital role in our everyday lives, technologies based on light are in use all around us. From art and science to modern technology, the study of light - and how it behaves and interacts with matter has intrigued scientists for over a century.

This year, 2015, marks the 1,000th anniversary of the Kitab al-Manazir (The Book of Optics), a seven-volume treatise written by the Iraqi scientist Ibn al-Haytham - a pioneering thinker whose views have been crucial to our understanding of how the universe came into existence.

Shaping our understanding of vision, optics and light, Ibn al-Haytham interrogated theories of light put forward by the Greeks - men like Plato and Euclid who argued that the way we see objects is by shining light out of our eyes onto them. Ibn al-Haytham argued instead, and correctly, that the way we see is by light entering our eyes from outside either reflecting off objects or directly from luminous bodies like candles or the sun.

His methodology of investigation, in which he combined theory and experiments, were also remarkable for their emphasis on proof and evidence.

In the first episode of Science in the Golden Age, theoretical physicist, Jim al-Khalili, looks at state-of-the-art applications of optics and traces the science of light back to the medieval Islamic world.

Al-Khalili recreates Ibn al-Haytham's famous 'camera obscura' experiment with stunning results and also uncovers the work of Ibn Sahl, a mathematician and physicist associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. According to a recently discovered manuscript, he correctly described "Snell's law of refraction" centuries before Dutch astronomer Willebrord Snellius was even born.

We also look at the work of Ibn Mu'adh, who brought together knowledge of optics and geometry in order to estimate the height of the atmosphere

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes...optics-true-nature-light-150915111252365.html
See the interesting video on the page

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Astronomy: The Science of the Stars

We explore the evolution of astronomy, from Persian astronomer al-Tusi to Copernicus and the space scientists of today.

Imagine trying to make sense of the universe before telescopes were even invented. Jim al-Khalili reveals how scholars from the Islamic world played a crucial role in astronomy and navigation, influencing later astronomers in the renaissance.


In this episode of Science in the Golden Age, we examine ancient maps dating back to the 9th century at Istanbul's Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam.

In the Qatari desert, Ali Sultan al-Hajri, a businessman and Bedouin, shows how the moon and stars have played a crucial role in navigation and timekeeping for centuries.


Going through an extensive collection of astrolabes - versatile scientific instruments that could be considered as the 'computers of their day,' we get a rare chance to see the inner workings of this complex device as one of the most elaborate astrolabes at the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha is taken apart.


Moving from ancient astronomy to the most cutting edge developments in space science, we examine the life of al-Tusi, a great astronomer whose work influenced later astronomers including Copernicus, the renaissance scientist who formulated the model of the universe that placed the sun at the centre and the planets rotating around it.


In this episode we also discover how the Persian astronomer al-Biruni devised an ingenious method for calculating the circumference of the earth, which allowed him to come up with an incredibly accurate estimate, within one percent of the accurate value we know today.


http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes.../astronomy-science-stars-150915131403182.html

See the interesting video on the page
 
Muslims literally have zero contribution in science and technology.
 
To be honest the muslim community has to change a lot ... a nice indicator of sience technology education and inovation are patents world wide they are count yearly by country ...

2016 wolrd wide new patents about 233.000

2016 world wide patents from the main muslim dominated nations ~1.600 and 1.068 of the 1.600 are from Turkey allone

2016 patents by
USA 56.595
Japan 45.239
China 43.200
Germany 18.300
south Korea 15.560
France 8.200
UK 5.500
Swiss 4.360
Sweden 3.700
Italy 3.360
Canada 2.230
Israel 1.800
India 1.529
etc.

in contrast
Pakistan 0
UAE 81
Oman 7
Marocco 39
Tunisia 6
Syria 2
Saudi Arabia 296
Qatar 6
Algeria 12
Turkey 1068
Egypt 43


would be nice if the *1.6billion muslims would increase their impact in sience and research this could dramaticly increase the speed of human world wide development.
What holds you guys back? Is it the religion? Tradition? Culture?
 
would be nice if the *1.6billion muslims would increase their impact in sience and research this could dramaticly increase the speed of human world wide development.
What holds you guys back? Is it the religion? Tradition? Culture?
Lack of interest (of our politicians), Corruption, Lack of funds enough institutes, Research centers etc i will talk about Pakistan we've a lot of talent but it is never utilized because of our current politicians they're never interested in such things because it doesn't benefit them personally at all so they don't give a sh*t about it and all that talent just gets wasted.

You're from Germany i see one of the most technologically advanced country in the world i just wish we had honest leaders like you actually we had in the past mainly 60's 70's but than a lot of things happened.... and now we're left with thugs sadly... :(
@django what do you say bro?
 
Lack of interest (of our politicians), Corruption, Lack of funds enough institutes, Research centers etc i will talk about Pakistan we've a lot of talent but it is never utilized because of our current politicians they're never interested in such things because it doesn't benefit them personally at all so they don't give a sh*t about it and all that talent just gets wasted. You're from Germany i see one of the most technologically advanced country in the world i just wish we had honest leaders like you actually we had in the past mainly 60's 70's but than a lot of things happened.... and now we're left with thugs sadly... :(
@django what do you say bro?
Unfortunately their is lack of a scientific culture over here and the quality of the textbooks and teachers is clearly lacking though with more folks getting access to internet hence quality educational programs available over the web gives me some optimism yet we need more inspiring scientific programs on TV to catch the eye of our youth which may trigger their initial interest and spark some ambitions, though instead of these programs we get political talk shows which frankly speaking are far to many and repetitive to say the least.Kudos bhai
 
Lack of interest (of our politicians), Corruption, Lack of funds enough institutes, Research centers etc i will talk about Pakistan we've a lot of talent but it is never utilized because of our current politicians they're never interested in such things because it doesn't benefit them personally at all so they don't give a sh*t about it and all that talent just gets wasted.

You're from Germany i see one of the most technologically advanced country in the world i just wish we had honest leaders like you actually we had in the past mainly 60's 70's but than a lot of things happened.... and now we're left with thugs sadly... :(
@django what do you say bro?

is it only the fault of the government? Most patents are researched by companys in the private sector. Turkey shows that it can work in a muslim country but unlike many other muslim countrys they have huge infulence from their close distance to Europe and the deep connetion between turkey and EU citzien and the exchange of knowlege
 
Unfortunately their is lack of a scientific culture over here and the quality of the textbooks and teachers is clearly lacking though with more folks getting access to internet hence quality educational programs available over the web gives me some optimism yet we need more inspiring scientific programs on TV to catch the eye of our youth which may trigger their initial interest and spark some ambitions, though instead of these programs we get political talk shows which frankly speaking are far to many and repetitive to say the least.Kudos bhai
You're right about the quality of education and about internet well a very small number of population have access to internet imo we need big research centers universities backed/funded/encouraged heavily by gov that should be free of corruption politics and all that stuff only than we can utilize the talent of our what you call GEMS! but when politicians only care about next election you can't expect them to think about next generations...
is it only the fault of the government?
In Pakistan's case i would say yes.

Most patents are researched by companys in the private sector. Turkey shows that it can work in a muslim country but unlike many other muslim countrys they have huge infulence from their close distance to Europe and the deep connetion between turkey and EU citzien and the exchange of knowlege
Well yea they've got got an advantage here
 
You're right about the quality of education and about internet well a very small number of population have access to internet imo we need big research centers universities backed/funded/encouraged heavily by gov that should be free of corruption politics and all that stuff only than we can utilize the talent of our what you call GEMS! but when politicians only care about next election you can't expect them to think about next generations...
With mobile technologies more and more are getting greater access, it is only a matter of time when we start seeing major benefits in quality of pak students, I guess we can say more "GEMS" will get refined.Kudos
 
just a curious question... how does the education system work in most muslim countrys after school... how do you get trained into jobs?
 

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